What metals are made of, how heat treatment changes them, and why parts fail.
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A tensile test produces the stress-strain curve.
A specimen reaches 200 MPa at a strain of 0.001, still in the elastic range. What is its modulus?
E = σ/ε = 200/0.001 = 200,000 MPa = 200 GPa.
Materials Sciencestress-strainHardnessThat was 1 of 3 problems in this section. The full course has the lesson, a worked example and every problem. Try all of it free for 3 days →
Metals crystallize mainly as body-centered cubic (BCC, 2 atoms per cell, packing 0.68), face-centered cubic (FCC, 4 atoms, 0.74) or hexagonal close-packed (HCP, 0.74).
What is the atomic packing factor of a BCC structure?
BCC: 0.68. (FCC and HCP are 0.74; simple cubic is 0.52.)
CrystallographyPhase DiagramsLever RuleIron-Iron CarbideThat was 1 of 3 problems in this section. The full course has the lesson, a worked example and every problem. Try all of it free for 3 days →
Heat treatment changes a steel’s microstructure without changing its chemistry.
Which process softens steel and relieves residual stress?
Slow heating and cooling, annealing, softens and stress-relieves.
heat treatmentquenchingtemperingannealingThat was 1 of 3 problems in this section. The full course has the lesson, a worked example and every problem. Try all of it free for 3 days →
Parts under repeated loading can fail well below their yield strength.
Zinc is coated onto steel in seawater service. The zinc protects the steel because it:
Zinc is anodic to steel, so it corrodes sacrificially and protects the steel.
FatigueCorrosiongalvanic seriesManufacturingThat was 1 of 3 problems in this section. The full course has the lesson, a worked example and every problem. Try all of it free for 3 days →
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